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Flat plate collectors are stationary, non-concentrating technology that can convert both direct and diffuse irradiation into heat. The absorber area is equal to the aperture area, and the space between the absorber and glazing is usually not evacuated, leading to relatively high thermal losses. However, their simple structure and installation reduce costs. Additionally, flat plate collectors often have the highest peak optical efficiency compared to other technologies, making them suitable for low-temperature applications up to approximately 85°C.
Parabolic trough collectors are concentrating technology that can only convert direct irradiation into heat, as only direct irradiation can be focused. The irradiation is concentrated on an absorber tube, which has a significantly smaller area than the aperture area (the projected area of the mirror parabola). Each absorber tube is encased in an evacuated glass tube. Although this focusing reduces peak optical efficiency, it significantly lowers thermal losses, especially at high operating temperatures. These collectors can be tracked towards the sun to minimize optical losses. This technology can be used for operating temperatures up to 500°C.
Linear Fresnel collectors are also concentrating technology that can only convert direct irradiation into heat. They are a simplified form of the parabolic trough collector, using various flat mirror panels that can be tracked separately to approximate a parabolic shape. The irradiation is focused on an absorber tube, with some irradiation redirected by a secondary mirror on the absorber tube. The absorber area is significantly smaller than the aperture area (mirror surface area), and each absorber tube is encased in an evacuated glass tube.
Although the approximated parabolic shape and redirection of irradiation reduce peak optical efficiency, the thermal losses are as low as those for parabolic trough systems, especially at high operating temperatures. These collectors can also be tracked towards the sun to reduce optical losses. Compared to parabolic trough collectors, Linear Fresnel collectors are easier to install and clean, which is beneficial for long-term operation. This technology can be used for operating temperatures up to 400°C.
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